MovieChat Forums > Limitless (2011) Discussion > Central premise = fatally flawed plot ho...

Central premise = fatally flawed plot hole


The central premise of the film ‘Limitless’ (2011) and its source novel ‘The Dark Fields’ (2001) is fatally flawed, since it is predicated on an urban legend. When Vernon introduces Eddie Morra to the NZT48 drug MacGuffin, he perpetuates the old “We only use 10% of our brain” myth (though doubling it to 20%), and Eddie fails to challenge him. Since that myth is false, it’s also false that 30 seconds after taking a ‘miracle pill’ anybody could become hyper-intelligent and memory-perfect.

The old “We only use 10% of our brain” myth has been extensively debunked [1] by, for instance:

• Neuroscientist Barry Beyerstein in "Whence Cometh the Myth that We Only Use 10% of our Brains?", in Prof. Sergio Della Sala's ‘Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain’, 1999
» http://www.amazon.co.uk/Mind-Myths-Exploring-Popular-Assumptions/dp/04 71983039

• Psychologist Benjamin Radford, Managing Editor of the ‘Skeptical Inquirer’, at Snopes.com, 2007
» http://www.snopes.com/science/stats/10percent.asp

• Professor of Human Cognitive Neuroscience Sergio Della Sala in ‘Tall Tales about the Mind & Brain’, Xmas lecture in Edinburgh, 2008
— 'We only use 10% of our brain' myth debunked from 23:00 to 41:30
» video, 57:07 – http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/all-news/dalyell-prize

• Mythbusters Grant Imahara, Kari Byron, and Tory Belleci, in ‘MythBusters’ Episode 151, 2010
» http://mythbustersresults.com/tablecloth-chaos

Even with the willing suspension of disbelief in primary physiological/psychological truths, the films still fails – because as many authentically intelligent reviewers and board posters have pointed out, the writers just weren’t up to the task of writing a convincing hyper-intelligent memory-perfect protagonist, let alone a likeable one.

The only level on which the film works is as an allegorical and satirical fable on the dreadful state of C21 American society – desperate for the 30 second quick fix solution in pill form, addicted to vulgar materialism and “I'm all right, Jack” narcissistic egoism, obsessed with recreational sex, and mired in dog-eat-dog casino capitalism where businessmen are morally equivalent to drug dealers, all ruled over by the plutocracy of Big Capital. I guess you’re getting dealt the kind of decadent films you deserve.

dalinian

[1] The 'We only use 10% of our brain' myth has been extensively debunked – for instance:

• Studies of brain damage: If 90% of the brain is normally unused, then damage to these areas should not impair performance. Instead, there is almost no area of the brain that can be damaged without loss of abilities. Even slight damage to small areas of the brain can have profound effects.

• Evolution: The brain is enormously costly to the rest of the body, in terms of oxygen and nutrient consumption. It can require up to twenty percent of the body's energy – more than any other organ – despite making up only 2% of the human body by weight. If 90% of it were unnecessary, there would be a large survival advantage to humans with smaller, more efficient brains. If this were true, the process of natural selection would have eliminated the inefficient brains. By the same token, it is also highly unlikely that a brain with so much redundant matter would have evolved in the first place.

• Brain imaging: Technologies such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allow the activity of the living brain to be monitored. They reveal that even during sleep, all parts of the brain show some level of activity. Only in the case of serious damage does a brain have "silent" areas.

• Localization of function: Rather than acting as a single mass, the brain has distinct regions for different kinds of information processing. Decades of research have gone into mapping functions onto areas of the brain, and no function-less areas have been found.

• Microstructural analysis: In the single-unit recording technique, researchers insert a tiny electrode into the brain to monitor the activity of a single cell. If 90% of cells were unused, then this technique would have revealed that.

• Metabolic studies: Another scientific technique involves studying the take-up of radioactively labelled 2-deoxyglucose molecules by the brain. If 90 percent of the brain were inactive, then those inactive cells would show up as blank areas in a radiograph of the brain. Again, there is no such result.

• Neural disease: Brain cells that are not used have a tendency to degenerate. Hence if 90% of the brain were inactive, autopsy of adult brains would reveal large-scale degeneration.

~ Neuroscientist Barry Beyerstein, quoted in ‘10% of brain myth’, Wikipedia
» http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%25_of_brain_myth

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Yes, well that's all very interesting and, no doubt, well researched.

However, saying that Limitless is fatally flawed because the plotline is unfeasable is the same as saying Star Wars is crap "because droids don't really exist", or The Lord of Rings trilogy is pure guff "because really, Wizards? Hobbits? Dwarves?".

Like most movies Limitless is a work of fiction and should be enjoyed as such.

If you don't enjoy fiction, don't watch fictional films. Simple.

In conclusion:
Original Post = fatally flawed argument due to obsession with facts.

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Fatally flawed argument due to misinterpretation of statements
Listen CLOSELY:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNRShCw1_E4

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Your argument is fatally flawed.

For example, how can you not be sure that the characters in the story simply believe in that myth? Perhaps the people who say that don't know any different and are just going off rumours.

And besides, the percentages don't matter, we all know that we don't use 100% of our brain, but the fictional NZT drug allows this.


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I can see why you didn't like the movie. You used all 10% of your brain to cite these facts, leaving nothing left to realize that it's just a movie that should be enjoyed on its own merits.

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You could just say that him saying that '20% of your brain' or 'access 100% of the brain' was the old drug dealer sales pitch nonsense rather than a 100% true medical fact.

You don't need to agree or disagree. You just need to listen.

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take it like this, this film is a superhero film so don't try to use too much logic. If you use 100 % of your brain on thinking, then how does your internal organs function? you cannot train yourself to control your biology, however clever you are. that would make all NZ users God.

..dont try to get tough with a keyboard

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Sorry, I don't think you have a point.

I took the line to be an error on the ex-brother-in-law's part. The fact remains that we are unable to access memories and we are unable to concentrate and put attention on information that constantly comes at us (such as things we see or hear in our peripherals). The pill basically allows your brain to connect the dots at a much faster rate to a speed that matches the rate of information your brain intakes. Your brain takes in so much information and you are only aware of a tiny fraction of it.

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"The fact remains that we are unable to access memories and we are unable to concentrate and put attention on information that constantly comes at us (such as things we see or hear in our peripherals). The pill basically allows your brain to connect the dots at a much faster rate to a speed that matches the rate of information your brain intakes. Your brain takes in so much information and you are only aware of a tiny fraction of it. "

Agreed. Our brain retains everything we've ever witnessed.

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Disagree. That's a myth that is very, very false.

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I've asked two doctors about this. They both say it's true.

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scottieweiss: Agreed. Our brain retains everything we've ever witnessed.


Even when we dismiss the "using 10% of our brains" (although the dealer said "accessing 20%") as complete bunk, what you said is simply hearsay. There's absolutely no credible evidence that suggests our brains retain every piece of information (in whatever "form") we have witnessed.

There is evidence that we are able to store particular types of information (e.g. data) with repeated stimuli; which to us seems obvious and self-evident, but is worth pointing out as it's actually scientifically verifiable.

There is also evidence that important events that stimulate the brain (even when one-off) are retained by the brain. But there is simply no evidence that without continual focus (and possibly repetition) the brain will be able to recall and process information that was simply glanced at in the manner shown in the movie. That's just nonsense.

Hell, we can't even train the brain to do it, otherwise speeding up our reading time exponentially. The ability to actually process information "blankly" (just by viewing it without noticing it) was make-believe.


And you can't blame Vernon this time as it was an essential part of how the movie represented Eddie's "talents".



scottieweiss: I've asked two doctors about this. They both say it's true.


Can you point me to the journals that have published their work on this matter? Again, otherwise it's just hearsay.

Doctors can say a lot of cräp. I had one who actually tried to convince me that using BMI was a reliable way to accurately assess whether a patient was a healthy weight. He clearly didn't understand how it worked.

I certainly wouldn't trust a doctor who wasn't in some specialized branch of neurophysiology/brain research.

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Jewel, have you ever heard of photographic memory?
There is also Superior Autobiographical Memory. Look that up. Its rare but it exists. They found that people with the superior memory trait usually have a larger than normal caudate nucleus and temporal lobe.
The brain is capable of a lot of things that we have yet to fully understand.

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blaqueknight2000, photographic memory works differently to how it is popularly imagined.

First off, it's not entirely clear that it is actually a novel "type" of memory at all... many ordinary people display this type of visual memory processing when attempting to learn new information. True, those with supposedly "photographic" memory tend to recall the visual cues/elements in detail (e.g. what colour neck-tie someone was wearing). However the same is true of people who use other mnemonic devices (that are not necessarily visual) - thus it is unclear just how "trained" the subject is. People often have incredibly unusual methods of how to rote memorize different sequences. This is the case with, for example, many human calculators (in short, they remember various types of calculations to aid in their processing of a particular result).

In any case, actual documented evidence of eidetic memory recall is far more sparse than is commonly thought. Generally the recall appears to be limited (though I accept in a few cases of unusual "talent" it would be difficult to practically test the limits).

It certainly is a far stretch to go from that and deduce that the brain "retains everything it experiences", even items that were not focused upon (e.g. quick glance of the page of a book 10 years ago like in the movie).



Likewise, I'm not going to get too excited about SAM until more evidence starts poring in and we study it in more detail. The problem with many scientific studies today is that (due to the urgent need/simply desire to get funding) much of the analysis is rushed and very little is followed through. Simplistic headlines grab attention, and the details of the study are often obscured. Much of these things warrant further studies, alas this doesn't occur.

There's a precedent for this. It was once thought that chess grand masters must have eidetic memory, as they were able to recall the exact positions of pieces on a chess board in a given game. However it was later found (or should I say, further study/analysis revealed) that when the pieces were arranged on a board randomly, in such a manner as would never occur in a game, the grand masters showed no better recall than novices. Over time they had developed methods of memorizing different sequences of moves on a chess board, through many years of practice.

I'm not saying Jill Price and Marilu Henner aren't interesting cases; but I'll hold the jury out on anything till we come back with further testing and data.


Again, I'm sure it's possible that the brain is capable of many things we don't yet fully understand, but we shouldn't pre-decide what those things are. Stating that the "brain retains everything we ever experience" has become a tautology and I certainly won't accept it as fact until there is good evidence of the same.

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Jewel,

I understand the basics of how photographic memory works. I also understand the slight differences between photographic and eidetic memory.
Let's not forget that we are discussing a fictional drug that has fictional effects on the brain. Also, let's not forget that we are not only talking about memory but synthesis of information. Remember when Vernon said "they've found these receptors..." When I first heard that, I immediately thought that he was probably referring to AMPA and NMDA receptors. His explanation was not clear, nor was it complete, plus it was coming from Vernon, so it was not reliable. Still, it was an insight as to the focus of the drug and what the drug could do.
In the book (from what I understand), one of the traits of the drug was that it makes you hyper-focus. While it is not stated in the movie, the writers wrote it with the assumption of that understanding (a mistake on their parts). This omitted trait is part of the reason for so many questions, like why he didn't immediately pay off the loan shark. So, while there is no scientific evidence to support the recollection of say, a name on a book, can trigger memories of pages of information from said book - there doesn't need to be. Its fiction. We can recall all sorts of information randomly that we have long forgotten. Who's to say that this drug isn't some super ampakine that increases synaptic plasticity while also allowing greater connections or even the reformation of memory synapses?
Well, anyway, I agree with you about not accepting the theory that the brain retains everything we ever experience without some proof. For the sake of the movie however, I am certainly willing to suspend disbelief for fun.

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blaqueknight2000


I'll simply summarize your post rather than get into a long pointless discussion about the feasibility of stimulating specific synaptic receptors etc.

You're saying, "it's fiction". Anything can happen you just have to use your imagination.


I'll respond, "Fine. I don't care. But then don't make assertions that cannot be proved and claim they have a scientific basis". Yes, the other poster did that (or alluded), and if you'll remember I started off by responding to that original tautology I mentioned.


For what it's worth, I really really really enjoyed this film (irony, huh?). Like you I saw it as entertainment. However I can't stand it when people then try and justify the claims of folks who are obviously just writing fiction for the purposes of entertainment. They weren't trying to get you guys to defend their pseudo-science guys. If they really had any clue how to accurately gauge the science chances are they'd be (trill?)billionaire pharmaceutical manufacturers and they wouldn't care what cr^p you guys watched.



So when some clueless jerk tries to say, "oh, but where's the science?" explain to him/her/it this wonderful concept of fiction we humans have and how if he/she/it took his/her/it thumb outta their a--(es) they might actually enjoy life a little more.


You know, for future reference.

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There is a kid who started composing music at age 2 with absolutely no training or any external explanation of how musical notes work. He can actually compose TWO songs at the same time, claiming he can literally hear the music for both in his head at once. And when I say he composes songs, I mean he can sit in front of a piece of paper or his computer and write every single note for every single instrument dead on perfect the first time, and do it all in a few hours for an entire orchestra. No re-writes needed, as what comes out on paper is the song as it should be, and nobody can improve on them. He is considered by many to be the greatest composer in over two centuries, his only competition for greatest of all time being Mozart and Bach.

Some people can do math like you can't begin to conceive. Some people can learn languages in a matter of weeks and speak a dozen or more. Heck, even Michael Jordan is clearly a mental aberration. His reaction time, his ability to read the flow of a group of defenders and find the one hole that allowed him to drive the middle and score is truly exceptional. There are people that can partially control autonomous functions in their bodies, most through training, some through "instinct". Many people can do creative things that are beyond the ability of most people. Even writing a decent novel is something 99% of us could never do, let alone a great novel. Watch that Stan-Lee superhero show, there are a lot people on their who's bodies and minds are capable of completely insane things. And the SAM stuff is real, and it is amazing. The fact that everyone one of these people can remember this stuff back to near-infancy is the proof it isn't Mnemonic trick or something. It is the nature of their brain.

We may use 100% of our brain, but that doesn't mean we use our brain to 100% of its ability. There is a HUGE difference there.

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There is a kid who started composing music at age 2 with absolutely no training or any external explanation of how musical notes work. He can actually compose TWO songs at the same time, claiming he can literally hear the music for both in his head at once.


Who's the kid???

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First, WE know that the 10%-brain-claim is a myth/false.
BUT, proving that the 10%-brain-claim is false, does NOT prove that the movie has a plot hole.

The movie showed a drug dealer using common terms to discuss science. HE was not a scientist. Why would you expect him to use scientifically accurate frameworks with a burnt-out, artistic, writer? Drug dealers discussing the false 10%-brain-claim is NOT a plot hole.

(You missed the point about characters/exposition: If a female in a romatic-comedy movie discusses the beauty of a sunrise... when in fact the Sun doesn't rise BUT the Earth rotates... are you going to claim that the romantic-comedy has a plot hole? You'd be wrong. Arguing about the myths of sunrises is not the point of effective communication between characters in a romantic-comedy)

Now, if you want to go further into the protagonist's explanation of the drug as it relates to the 10%-brain-claim myth, well, the movie again is not flawed.

In NONE of links quoted in the original post do the scientists claim that 100% of the brain is in HIGH ACTIVITY. Yes, PET scans show that we use 100% of our brain (even during sleep). BUT, NO, 100% of our brain is NOT in HIGH ACTIVITY. Things like receptor-protein membranes, signal repeats and reuptake are not all open at 100%. (I mean, how could we tell the difference between, say, a PET scan of a control subject and a PET scan of an ADHD subject? You'd suggest that MRI and PET scans would show 100% RED ie. high activity http://blog.biot.tk/file/n3053344/ADHD-Changes-Brain-Development-Patte rns-in-Kids-2.jpg)

You missed the point about the science in the movie in general:in any standard moment, the brain may have 20%, 10%, whatever HIGH brain activity. And, NZT allowed for much higher (say 80%, 90% whatever) high brain activity.

Is this concept difficult for the OP to understand? Or was the OP just using a straw-man argument stemming from a hyper-sensitivity to knowledge about the 10%-brain-claim myth? (I'd have thought that the "4 digit IQ" comment was more out of place than the 10%-brain-claim comment)

In any case--on this point--the movie wasn't flawed: in fact, I thought the movie was good.

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Even with the willing suspension of disbelief in primary physiological/psychological truths, the films still fails – because as many authentically intelligent reviewers and board posters have pointed out, the writers just weren’t up to the task of writing a convincing hyper-intelligent memory-perfect protagonist, let alone a likeable one.


Totally agree...even if one ignores all the drooling over using one's brain to the full, the movie was still dumb...looks like the writers were out of pill when the conceived the plot :D

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If we use 90% of our brain, how come we are not able to remember anything and everything that we see, hear, smell, taste or touch since birth (and yet it appears to be already inside our brain in the form of sub-consciousnesses) ???

--
Fear can hold you prisoner. Hope can set you free.

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OP, it seems you know your way around the internet. You should look up the definition of "Fiction".

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That's a good question. Psychologists simply classify that as "baby amnesia".

But really, memory of any kind (like in the movie) would probably deal with the Hippocampus... a part of the brain used for storing and organizing memory in a brain 'cache'. (your Hippocampus wasn't fully developed at birth, so it wasn't very efficient at transferring your baby memories to long-term storage).

Analogies to how Alzheimer's affects the Hippocampus could be thought of as the OPPOSITE of NZT. So, if all that NZT did was to super-charge 10% of the brain called the Hippocampus, well, that would take care of a LARGE amount of memory control.

Size also matters: larger Hippocampus = increased memory performance... BUT the Hippocampus shrinks as you age! So, it gets harder and harder to remember things from birth... that is, until NZT helps reverse damaged/shrinking pathways.

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I haven't read the entire board, so excuse me if this has been mentioned/discussed elsewhere. For those interested in the brain's functioning in regards to memory, you may find the scientific information/research about hyperthymesia/super autobiographical memory to be of interest. As I basically understand it, people with this condition have almost total recall of every day of their lives & the events associated, both personal & public. 60 Minutes did an episode on this, which I believe can be viewed online. Marilu Henner of "Taxi" fame has this type of memory. A new (fictional) show will premiere this fall, where the main character will have hyperthymesia. I will be interested in seeing how they go forward with this premise and if it will have a resemblance to "Limitless."

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