i think the main reason there is still such stigma surrounding accents is the fact that accent is still, to some degree, an indicator of wealth and education. it's not a hard and fast rule, but privately-educated and middle-class people tend to speak RP or near-RP (RP = received pronunciation or "bbc english") no matter where they're from, because that is how they are taught speak. that means that RP is associated with the rich and the well-educated, and unfortunately a lot of people think that means people who speak with RP are smarter. that's completely ridiculous - the smartest person i know has a broad lincolnshire accent, and i've met a lot of toffs (posh people, for any non-brits) with less common sense than a five year old - but unfortunately that's what a lot of people think.
as for why we have so many accents in the first place, there are several factors involved. firstly, invasion and immigration have meant that different areas of britain have come into contact with different nationalities, and therefore different languges and accents, which have affected british accents in different ways (the main reason for the north/south divide is the fact that the vikings settled mainly in the north, so that old norse affected old english more there than in the south). secondly, there are environmental factors - for example, brummies speak very loudly, which i believe has something to do with the fact that the city was so industrial in the 19th century that people had to shout to be heard over the machines, and that habit has been passed down over the years; and the dust from the coal mines in the north of england affected the vocal chords and therefore the accents of northerners. it also has to be remembered that, until relatively recently, communication and transport were very poor, restricting contact between different regions. this allowed accents to develop almost in isolation, keeping each one distinctive.
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