The healthcare system is a mess in the U.S.A. From what I know most people get healthcare as part of their full-time jobs (employer provided benefits) and some others get private insurance, which is often pretty expensive and can be very limited. Last, people can also get government-provided healthcare through medicaid under some conditions, but all poor people don't even qualify which means that lots of people with low or no incomes cannot always get health insurance or the like and can only get emergency help.
Healthcare doesn't work with deductions of income directly as part of some nationwide policy or tax deduction, but on billing the person after the services (if they don't have insurance in an emergency) or validating insurance beforehand and then seeing what was covered after the fact (sometimes you get billed for procedures your insurance won't cover after it was determined/done/etc.). Not sure how it works exactly with full-time employees of certain company sizes, but usually a big company with a lot of workers offers health plans to them by law, but they still may have to pay for it (someone else could explain this better than me probably).
The problem is that not everything is covered with insurance plans in certain situations (like emergencies and depending on what services doctors choose) so you might get billed for certain services after anyways (charged on top of having insurance).
I think it isn't a good thing that many people depend on full-time jobs for health insurance and etc. Private insurance or insurance shopping in general requires a decent income and that would require a decent job/business of some sort, assuming you dont get insurance through your work/union. Lots of struggling people can't qualify for any free or even affordable insurance, despite sometimes really needing it. If you lose your job you can lose your health insurance along with it, leaving you with none or forced to find another job that provides it or paying for private plans usually.
Unless disabled (and even then not always) or in very particular circumstances, lots of people can't get insurance without a steady job/union/etc. with insurance provided or good enough money/income/etc. to just have the insurance regardless.
But basically you verify ahead or get billed afterwards if you have no insurance in emergencies. You can't do any routine medical checkups or doctor visits/etc. without a particular insurance policy that specifically covers it.
In any other case you pay out of pocket, and that is even more expensive usually.
The U.S. insurance market(s) need(s) improvement fast. Too much dissatisfaction and high costs with sometimes too limited coverage/etc.
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