The person who said it on the show did not, presumably, live in Cocoa Beach, but in Cocoa. Considering that he was black, it was 1962 and he was the son of a woman who worked as a maid at a motel, I'd guess he lived in the not-so-nice area: either Cocoa, or perhaps somewhere else.
To be totally accurate, I suppose he should have said "All the beaches near Cocoa are whites only." Saying "in" doesn't seem like a wildly unlikely slip for a young kid who was probably not particularly sophisticated or well-travelled, and probably didn't personally know anyone who lived in Cocoa Beach.
The knowledge of the astronauts doesn't seem extremely relevant, since none of them were actually there in the relevant scene. FWIW, I don't think they'd necessarily be highly familiar with local geographical terminology: they all lived in Virginia at the time (and later in Houston), and just stayed in a motel in Florida when there for a launch or launch preparation. It seems quite likely that Rene Carpenter had not spent a lot of time in the Cocoa Beach area.
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