While the film does end with the exact same scene as the beginning, notice there were more details (Bob Dylan playing, slightly different shots from Llewyn's perspective...and him saying with a bemused smile "Au Revoir" to the man who just beat him up). And prior to this sequence, there was Llewyn having mini-revelations when learning the cat found its owners again, was named Ulysses, and seeing that movie poster about animals traversing thousands of miles with an unfailing purpose to go back home.
So, yes, technically it ends on the same bookend sequence as the beginning, but I think it becomes obvious (with the new information given), Llewyn is just a bit more wiser and accepting of life's random circumstances. He could very well benefit from the folk music boom as hinted at by the Bob Dylan performance, he could very well learn to move on from Jean and find love elsewhere, and he seems to be able to shake off the tragic emotional burden of his partner Mike (notice he finally completes the song he wasn't able to finish at the Gorfeins).
That final "Au Revoir" with a bit of a smile (at least that's what it seemed like to me) almost seems like acceptance. Life has constantly beat him up, and he just literally got beat up. But all throughout this bruising journey, he does seem a tad wiser, broad-minded and able to go with the flow of life. Life is weird, random, sometimes unfair. But if a cat can overcome starvation and homelessness and travel miles and miles to find its way through determination, Llewyn probably thinks he can too.
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