Also both in the movie and the book, there is crack on the "ground ceiling" where you can see the citylights below. So if it were nuclear fallout, that would have seeped in from the crack and cause radiation sickness. I can think of a few reasons - firstly, the crack on the ground likely wasn't meant to be there, if it was meant to protect the inhabitants of whatever was going to happen outside. There were likely man made cracks with filters to provide fresh air. So it's possible this large crack was caused by an outside force, but just as well it could have been heavy erosion or some of the abnormally large animals creating the opening.
Few reasons for the City to be built:
-A huge pandemic. The book mentions a "deadly cough" outbreak that had hit the city, the 7th mayor was trying the open the box before the timer had counted down, hoping it would contain a cure. He died suddenly however, before he could inform anyone of the importance of the box, and that's how the box got lost originally.
-The scientists had done what is thus far considered impossible and predicted a supernova / pulsar event in our "galactic backyard" ahead of time, which would destroy our whole ecosystem and kill everyone on Earth in minutes due to massive amounts of gamma and x-ray radiation.. Depending on the galactic event the whole solar system can be sterilized of life completely, and possibly even an underground city, at least one dug in as shallow ground as Ember was, couldn't possibly survive it. 200 years wouldn't be nearly enough for the ecosystem to recover as either of these events could completely destroy the ozone layer and even possibly blow away our atmosphere. A quick note on this - if you see the sky suddenly turn violet at day, do your holy rites if you have any and prepare to say goodbye to the world as we know it.
-In line with galactic events, they maybe had predicted an asteroid collision, one large enough to cause an extinction event. In this case, two hundred years would possibly be sufficient for a "nuclear" winter ( a decrease in global temperatures due to sky being obstructed and sunlight blocked in massive quantities of earth, ash, the stuff flying up to the upper atmosphere ) to pass. Still, it's uncertain how long it would take the ecosystem to recover from the prolonged global winter to the state of being able to grow grass, trees and support farming.
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