As someone who was originally trained as a psychologist, I think that Carl Jung came closest to helping us visualize the concept of the collective unconscious. But many amateur/pop psychologists misinterpret the meaning of this concept.
The best way to think about a collective unconscious is via evolutionary theory. The collective unconscious is best thought of as a collection of genetically programmed readinesses to respond in a fairly predictable way to stimuli in the world, even when we first encounter those stimuli.
A simple example is our natural fear of snakes. This fear entered our collective unconscious because enough of our ancestors reacted with fear at the sight of a snake, and these individuals were thus more likely to survive and pass along that readiness to respond in that manner.
But we are social animals; so the collective conscious appears to extend into the social realm as well. This is why we speak of archetypes such as the Hero, the Wise Old Man, etc. However, the more abstract and social the archetypes, the more they are likely to be the result of cultural transmission rather than the result of biological natural selection. But even here, there is probably a Darwinian/biological natural selection element going on; because those who respond appropriately to a social archetype may be more likely to be socially acceptable to others, and thus may have a higher probability of procreating and passing along those elements of the social collective unconscious to their offspring.
But the Lamarckian idea that learned behaviors can be passed along via evolution is not correct. So that theory does not lend itself to a notion of the collective unconscious, which is, as I said above, simply an evolutionarily based readiness to respond to particular types of stimuli in particular ways that are fairly standard/predictable.
And because humans have the capacity for rich, abstract symbolism, some of these archetypes can be rather elaborate. Here's a decent summary of some standard archetypes:
http://www.billstifler.org/HUM2130/files/4D-006-archetypes.htm
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