I figured that the residents must have been the descendants of the builders and whoever the builders were working for. Since the city was built in relatively close proximity to Washington DC, it may have been intended as a shelter for top government officials and their children.
It's hard to say what sort of cataclysm may have led to them living there. The inhabitants weren't even aware that there was an "outside" - except as unlivable and poisonous.
If there was some sort of world-wide plague, poisonous atmosphere, nuclear war etc., then it wouldn't be that difficult to get people to move into a domed city for their own protection. So, getting the residents in there wouldn't be a problem, if the situation was dire enough.
Overall, my sense was that the original builders of the city were well-intentioned and planned to have some kind of long-term shelter from whatever catastrophe took place, something would have to last decades or maybe even centuries. I don't think they'd have to force anyone to move in there, but at some point along the line, there must have been some kind of major malfunction in the computer system. As to why there didn't seem to be any real human government (other than Sandmen who merely obeyed the computer), that's not really explained either.
But if a robot originally programmed to freeze fish can turn into some kind of megalomaniac, who knows what the city computer was capable of? No humans were really running the place and they didn't really know how the computer worked and much else about the machinery or engineering. I'm wondering if the computer may have killed off all the engineers and technicians and anyone else with the knowledge of how to operate the computer, while forbidding anyone from learning such knowledge or anything that might threaten the computer's power.
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