The fire was in space. When they first make contact to find out what's going on, the unseen Inspector Berger tells Nelson "It's the Van Allen radiation belt -- the 300-mile level." 300 miles is well into space. The film says it's the Belt that's on fire, not the atmosphere itself because of any friction (and again, you can't have friction in space -- you need an atmosphere for that). Besides which, the explanation is that what's burning in the Belt are gases -- but there are no gases within the Belt. It's a radiation field, common enough in the solar system as we now know.
So there's nothing to catch fire in the Belt, nothing could catch fire in the airless void of space, and in fact you'd think that if all this could happen then the atmosphere itself would explode and burn away -- which some scientists feared might happen before the first atomic bomb was exploded. Instead of needing to extinguish the blaze before the temperature reaches an arbitrary figure of 173°, the plot might have been more logical if they had to extinguish it before it reached the temperature at which the atmosphere would itself explode and destroy all mankind.
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