It was Abel the shepherd offering God one of his newborn lambs as opposed to Cain the farmer who offered some of his harvest. I have never understood why God accepted Abel's offer but not Cain's.
I'm at work, and don't have a Bible handy (though I wouldn't quote overmuch scripture here, in any case), so I will probably come back later to re-edit some of my responses.
The theme of blood sacrifice, and the innocent taking on the sins of the guilty run throughout both the Old Testament (the Torah, to adherants of Judaism) and the New Testament.
From at least the time of Abel's day (and probably that of his father, Adam, before him), to probably around the time of the Roman seige of Jerusalem (circa A.D. 70), the idea of animal sacrifices is that the follower of God, under such a doctrine, can be forgiven of all of his past transgressions and reconciled with his God and Creator. The narrative of the early chapters of Genesis does not cover the territory where the early human family are divinely taught to offer up animal/blood sacrifices; however, the further narrative and doctrinal passages of the Old Testament/Torah both command it and explain the reasons and principles behind the offering of lambs (NOT generally newborn, though of course quite young) and other animals as blood sacrifices; it can be argued, therefore, that the Adamic family received instructions from their God on this and on many other things that aren't recorded.
As for Cain's rejection, he failed for various reasons, but, as the narrative bears out, mostly for his selfishness and other lackings in character. It could be argued that, because God approached him (prior to Cain's murder of Abel) and said, "If thou doest well, shalt thou not also be accepted?" Cain must have deviated from whatever divine instructions had already been provided, e.g., Cain offered up a different kind of sacrifice than what God (the same God throughout the entirety of the Old Testament) must have asked for: the kind of sacrifice offered by Abel. Had Cain "done well," as Abel had, then he, too, would have been "accepted" in the sight of his God and perhaps the end of the tale of Cain (or a version of Cain who WASN'T murderously envious of others' successes in the face of his own failures) and Abel would not have turned out so tragically.
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