The whole topic is moot because as several posters have pointed out, it's stated in the movie that the men were eating beef from the cattle every day. We even hear Wayne give an order to kill a steer for its meat.
Of course they couldn't eat an entire animal at one sitting and couldn't preserve it, so much would simply be left behind and go to waste (or be eaten by predators). But even if they ate beef every day (which they didn't -- not at the start anyway), they'd have lost only about 100 or so for food, out of nine or ten thousand. Besides, they certainly would have eaten some cattle killed along the way by other causes, as in the stampede. That was an accepted price -- the cost of doing business, as we'd say today. Even without using some for food, cattle drives always produced losses. The idea was to get the bulk of the herd in intact. You knew from the beginning some wouldn't make it.
I had to chuckle at the posters who mentioned the poor nutrition in eating basically nothing but beef. Yes, obviously, but who in the 19th century really knew anything about nutrition, the effects on people of certain diets or foods and so forth? Have you ever read what foods wagon trains carried on their journeys lasting for months? Lots of starch and little else. People ate what they could get at a time when most food production and consumption was little more than at the subsistence level. Even in the early 1900s the average family devoted nearly half its income to buying food. Ignorance about nutritional science -- we're still learning more today -- was irrelevant to most people, who didn't realize such issues even existed. They were concerned simply about getting enough of anything to eat.
Besides, compared to all the junk and processed foods we eat today, the men on that 1865 cattle drive were probably better fed.
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