Maybe this will help.
Grandpa used to be a businessman, a rather successful one, until he decided that the ulcers, the stress, and so on was too much. He walked away from it all and never regretted it. In the scene with Henderson, the I.R.S. agent, it is mentioned that Grandpa owns property and receives a yearly income from that property. The line is quick, in both the play and the movie, so it is easily missed. Grandpa receives income from this property (rent, interest, other -- again it is not explained) and it is this income that the I.R.S. is taxing.
Grandpa does not believe in income tax. If he is going to pay for something, he wants to see/know what he is paying for. Henderson's arguements have no effect on Grandpa. "Henderson: What about Congress? We have to pay for them, don't we? Grandpa: Not with my money."
Again, it is in lines that are easily missed, but before Mr. DePinna came to live with the Sycamores, they had a milkman. He came to deliver milk one day and just stayed. He died, and the family didn't know his real name, which made getting a death certificate and arranging a funeral difficult. To get out of the problem, they gave the man Grandpa's name. When Grandpa had had enough of the I.R.S., he told them he was dead. Since there was a death certificate and funeral notice in his name, he was absolved from all taxes since a dead man cannot be accountable for taxes.
I know this all is silly and doesn't follow tax law, even in the 1930s. However, it is a comedy, and they all live in a world that is a little different from reality, a world we all would like to live in.
I hope I have helped with the understanding of the play/movie. While you think about it, I will go play my xylaphone for a while.
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