Your point about Duvall taking scenes by the scruff of the neck in 'Apocalypse Now' is correct, but only serves to confirm Pauline Kael's observation that he's one of those actors who are stars when they play character parts, but character actors when they play star parts.
I must also disagree with your point about Hackman being guilty of overacting. I think you're way off base with that.
To my eye he was always convincing no matter what register he was playing in, and overacting is never, repeat never, convincing.
Hackman could invest his acting with a riveting power and energy, just like James Cagney, which always seemed readily available to him when a scene demanded it.
I suppose this quality could be mistaken for showboating / playing to the galleries by less-discerning viewers, but there was never anything forced or contrived about it with Hackman, and overacting is almost always one of these things.
(Brief note: I once read a review of The French Connection where a critic implied that Hackman's portrayal of Popeye Doyle was 'too loud'. For the record, the real-life cop the character was based on, Eddie Egan, was described by his own partner as the most flamboyant, outlandish person he'd ever met. It would therefore have been completely inappropriate for Hackman to give a subdued performance in the film.)
The critic David Denby puts it best...
"Hackman is a powerful yet unemphatic performer, with such an intimate, easy and unforced relation to whatever situation hes in that you simply accept everything he does as an expression of his entire being."
For me, this quote nails his greatness - he's so at ease on screen that he often just seems like a force of nature.
It goes without saying that he's had countless moments where he's shown incredible subtlety and lightness of touch...
See his entire performance in The Conversation, widely acknowledged as one of the most subtle, internalised performances in all of cinema.
Also, re-watch Mississippi Burning and see the lovely, tender shades of regret in his scenes with Frances McDormand, the moving reminiscence about his father's casual racism in the motel scene with Willem Dafoe, and the wonderful naturalism and subtlety in his exchanges with the locals.
There are many other films and many more examples of superbly judged underplaying by Hackman.
I don't know how old you are, but I suspect he had mastered the art of nuanced screen acting before you were even born or in short trousers.
P.S. I forgot to mention, I've seen Duvall overact several times due to him not always managing to conceal his technique - he sometimes seems as though he's trying a little too hard to inflect his voice in interesting ways, and the small physical gestures he makes can sometimes look rehearsed rather than spontaneous.
You never get this problem with Hackman.
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